Sigillum Coronae for Efridis Eriksdotter Skarp

I had asked their Majesties if they (or Efridis) had any particular preferred style, but didn't get any answer, so that meant I was free to choose what I wanted. Halloween night I curled up with Smeyers, Flemish Miniatures, going through all my bookmarks and also flipping through the rest of the book to see if anything new caught my eye; it's been a year or two since I've last gone through the book for inspiration, and I know my abilities have improved in the interim. Plus, since I have about two months, I wanted to pick something that would push me a bit. I found something I liked in Smeyers that night, but the next morning wasn't as enthused -- I wanted something with more fine detail, and more gold. So the next morning I pulled out some of my other books, and Gwen and I curled up on the couch to look at pretty pictures (her enthusiastic "wow"s were very cute), and we found two on p. 78 and p. 80 of Englische Buchmalerei der Gotik 1200 - 1500, plates from two BL manuscripts:

Throughout the day whenever she'd let me (either by napping or by playing with herself), I started sketching things out, combining elements from the two designs, and *gasp* making up a few of my own. I got everything sketched out (except for a few small pieces that I knew I'd only add after the first outlining was done), and did most of the inking that night while Gwen slept and I watched "The Importance of Being Earnest". Nov. 2 I didn't get much done other than erasing lines.

Nov. 3, I began painting! Red, yellow, blue, and pink in the inner and outer diamond borders, and in the initial. I painted one of the lozenges the wrong color sigh, but I was able to scrape it off well enough to be able to paint over it, with the requisite lighter color. (If you can tell which diamond was mispainted, you get a prize.) Nov. 4, I added the black to the border, and began pencilling in the outer border. I decided I was unhappy with the S's I had sketched in the center of the capital, so I left them be for a good 1.5 months before returning to redraw them.

Nov. 8, I began inking in the outer border, almost completing it. The rest of November was swallowed up by travel, so I was next able to return to the border on Dec. 2, when I completed the inking and the painting of the leaves/flowers. Dec. 3 I got to experience that wonderful feeling you get when doing whitework. The entire thing still looks awfully garish and messy, though, I hope the addition of the gold (and more whitework) will help. I then moved on to doing some of the contrasting decoration in the inner border.

Back from another set of travels, and the event getting close, I returned to this again on Dec. 23, when I worked on the inner portion of the 'O', the sigils in the corners, and the evocative elements of the King & Queen's arms (lions are a bugger to draw). In the evening, I managed to get about 45 min. of painting in after Gwen went to bed. Dec. 24, I got quite a bit more painting done while Gwen napped. In the evening, I sketched the dragons and painted two before I got distracted by Christmas gifts. Skipped a day, returned to painting on Dec. 26, back to the dragons, and after them, onto the red details on the animals, and more whitework.

I began composing the text Dec. 27. It reads:

Omnibus, ad quos presentium noti cia pervenerit, Sueno et Si vana, reges de Drachenwald, in Domino salutem. (To everyone, to whom these present notices may come, Sven and Siobhan, kings of Drachenwald, in God salutations.)

Know that for the love we bear her and for her support, counsel, and service, we the abovenamed king and queen by the regnal authority avested in our hands and crowns do give, grant, and confirm unto our herald, by name Efridis Eriksdotter, whom some call the sharp, the right to bear our sigils. For such sweet friendship we cherish towards her, let her display the queenes edelweiss and Albiones head, ensigned with our initials. this giving here by ourselves witnessed on the iii day of January, in the year of the society xlviii, while sitting on our thrones in our court in Attemark.

When writing the text, I had no idea how much I would have to amend it in order to fit in the space I had given the choice of calligraphy I would end up with, since at that point I hadn't yet decided. I really wanted to do a Gothic hand like in my exemplars...but I'm very bad at Gothic hands and didn't want the calligraphy to let everything down. I eventually did my best to attempt the hand (failed miserably as usual), and re-wrote the text as I went, unfortunately ending up a bit short (!). Still, I think the remaining empty space will be filled sufficiently by the signatures.

Dec. 29, and we're getting down to crunch time. I drew the internal initials and painted them, leaving just gilding and white work! Unfortunately, gilding will have to wait until tomorrow, as it took nearly 4 episodes of QI just to put down the size tonight. The next day, anxious to see how gilding would go this time, I got everything out in the morning, while Gwen was eating breakfast, and was thrilled to find it go just as Ari Mala has always said it should! I worked on it off and on all morning and afternoon, but I didn't have to put a second coat of size down anywhere. In the evening after Gwen went to sleep, I touched up the black outlines and did more whitework. I got maybe 1/3 of the way finished. Dec. 31 throughout the day I managed to get almost all the rest of the whitework done, except for the bits on the arms and on the yellow and black. I wasn't sure what to do for those; I had done some cross-hatching behind Sven's anvil the night before, and ended up painting over it today. I let it sit for a day, and on Jan. 1, finished up the rest of the whitework. All in all, I'm pretty pleased (though I wish whitework showed up on yellow better).

All told, I think this took me between 35 and 40 hours to complete: far, far, far more than anything else I've done (for example, a regular-sized scroll with a puzzle initial takes 2-2.5; something big and calligraphy intensive around 5).

Here are some stage by stage photos:

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

AoA for Cristina Erici

I received the assignment on 9 Oct., and given the recipient's name I decided to do a Latin scroll text. I've got only one stock one for AoAs, and it begins with "A", so the next thing to do was choose the A. My list of "A's I want to do someday" is LONG, and there are so many amazing pretty options to choose from. I was able to narrow it down to 7 pretty quickly, but then I had to let them sit and simmer. With the help of Constanza, I decided on Codex San-Florianensis III, 5, fol. 93v. That night I sketched out the initial and the lines, and inked in the initial, and began painting the base coats (orange). I was away for the next few days, and returned to the painting on 15 Oct., completing the painting on the initial. I'm so pleased with how the grotesques turned out!

The next night (16 Oct.) was devoted to calligraphy. I started with my basic Latin text with a bit of an extra, which reads:

Audite verbis Sue- nonis Iohanneque regis regineque Drachenwalden- ses. Magnas et multas attestati- onis actionum subjecti nostrorum Cristina Erici audivimus, et placet nos. Scite quod his present- ibus agnoscimus virtutem dignitatemque supradicte Cristine. Altamus et assignamus ei ord- onis domine et jus tali armis prout de- feret cum Collegio Armorum. Posthac habebit ium solum proprium que prae se ferre illi insigne in hac nos trum Societatis. Fit manibus nostris in xxvi die Octobris anno societatis xlviii, apud Gotvik. Testare cujus nos hic nostrum manum ponimus sub hic.

About half-way through, I realized I needed about 6 more lines of text than I had, so I went to Caid's site and cribbed from their Latin AoA text. That still didn't make it long enough, so the next day I searched for more images from the same MS to see if I could find some flourishes to add to decorate the text, and found this I, which could be turned into horizontal sidebars.

I completed the calligraphy the night of 17 Oct. The text reads in translation:

Pay heed to the words of Sven and Siobhan, King and Queen of Drachenwald. Great and numerous attestations of the actions of our subject Cristina Erici have we heard, and it pleases us. Know that by these presents we recognize the worth and dignity of the aforesaid Cristina. We raise her to the rank of lady and award to her all rights to such arms as she shall register with the college of arms. She shall henceforth have the sole and exclusive right to bear these arms in this our Society. Done by our hands on the 26 day of October, in the year of the society 48. In witness whereof, we here set our hand below.

I also had time to sketch out and paint my space filler. The grotesque there turned out quite nicely too! Both of them seem happier than the ones I copied. The next evening, 18 Oct., Joel gave Gwen an early bath, which gave me the time to get the gold size down on the filler, and I completed the rest early enough to let it set long enough before starting the gilding, which unfortunately did not go well, and when I asked on FB, no one really seemed to know why:

Oct. 21 I tried putting down more size, rehydrating more, and putting gold down again, and whatever I ended up with would have to do, since the scroll has to go out in the next day's mail. Luckily, the re-gilding cleaned up most things, and re-outlining things helped with the ragged edges, and the end result is something very shiny, which is definitely the work of a beginner, but is also work I'm not ashamed of.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

AoA for Beroharti der Rinderschink

I got my choice of initials down to 2 on Sep. 16: MS Barth. 115 (Ausst. 27) f. 1r and BL MS Harley 3971 f. 1. On Sept. 17, I opted for the latter, and started sketching the outline and the lines. I completed the lining on Sept. 18, and started in on the painting; I did all of the initial, and the first pass of the red border lines around the outside. I rather like the little spindle thingies. On Sept. 19 we had C&I night at our place, and in the first hour or so I finished the illumination, and then wrote the text, which reads:

Universis presentes litteras inspecturis, Sueno et Sivana, reges de Drachenwald, salutem in Domino. Since human memory is short and does not suffice for a crowd of things, the authority of those who preceded our age, the divine emperors and kings, has decreed that those things were to be written down which the progress of fleeting time generally removes from the knowledge of men. Wherefore let the generality of the present as well as the future subjects of our kingdom know, that Beroharti Rinderschink for the reason that he has gravely comported himself in all his doings, as tavern keeper, as archer, as servant to the realm, bringing good hypocras and good cheer wherever he goes, --on account of the urgent recommendations of very many nobles, we, therefore, after deliberating with many and by their common counsel, have hereby confirmed unto the said Beroharti all rights to such arms as he shall register with the College of Arms. And wishing this to remain valid for all posterity, we forbid by royal edict that any one, with rash daring, infringe our will or in any way attempt to violate it; and we further validly corroborate this our decree by the present letter drawn up by one of our loyal clerks, signed by us the abovenamed king and queen below and given on þe xxviii day of September in the year of the society xlviii. Quod fecimus hodie, homo non neget.

It's based very loosely on the Gelnhausen Charter of 1180. I completed about half of calligraphy on that night before needing to head to bed. I completed the second half of the calligraphy, adding a bit more to the text to make it as long as I needed, on 24 Sep.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

GoA for Dubhghall mac Ébhearáird

It is always a pleasure to scrolls for heralds. It is always a pleasure to do scrolls for friends. When the recipient is both a herald and a friend? Even better. Dubhghall has served the Drachenwald College of Heralds for many years, and I was honored to be given the assignment of his Grant of Arms. The cool part is that since it is a GoA, I can use an actual GoA text for its intended purpose, instead of having to rewrite it to fit the requirements of other SCA awards. Furthermore, medieval GoAs were issued not by royalty but by the relevant principal herald or king of arms. As it so happens, I am currently the principal herald of Drachenwald, so I was able to adjust the text accordingly (with permission from Their Majesties, of course!).

The bulk of the text was written Aug. 22 and reads:

To all present and to come who these present letters shall see or hear Aryanwy verch Cadvael alias Schwarzdrachen principal herald at arms of all parts of this Kingdom of Drachenwald greetings and love with humble recommendation. Equity will and right ordains that virtuous men and of noble courage be by their merits and reknown rewarded and not only their persons in this mortal life so brief and transitory but afterwards their memory and posterity likewise shall in all places have great honour and virtue before others both present and to come perpetually shining by certain and definite signs and demonstrations of honour and courtesy. To wit by blazon helmet and crest in order that they by their examples may all the sooner spur others again to force themselves perseveringly to use their days in deeds and feats of arms and virtuous and courageous works to gain the renown of that ancient courtesy in their lineage and posterity. And where that nobleness is once in the blood it may not be lost without too long continuance in sloth and vices: Also as Gaius Alammunius says That honest poverty takes away no part of nobleness, And the Doctor Bartholomew in his treatise of tokens of Arms says, If the arms be once ours they may in no wise be taken away from us. Whereby that which was most prudently devised in the beginning to stir and kindle the hearts of men to the imitation of virtue and nobleness, even so is the same continually observed to the end that such as have done commendable ser vice to their King, Prince or Baron whether in war or peace may receive due honour and reward in their lives as according to both law and custom. For this end I, the Schwarzdrachen Herald at Arms as above mentioned, have at the request, urging, and formal command by my Sovereigns Sven and Sio bhan king and queen of all the lands of Drachenwald from Frostheim in the north to Kalavirki in the West, from Adamestor in the South to Saint John of Rila in the east who having rightfully received the thrones from Thorvaldr and Tofa, who sat before them and received from Paul and Aryanhwy, who sat before them and received from Sven the fourth by that name and Siobhan the first, have not only by common renown but also by the witness and re port of noble and gentle men worthy of credence been truly informed, notified, apprised, and advised that Dougal MacEverard of the Barony of Aar nimetsä, companion of the Order of the Ring of Lindquist, gentleman who has for a long time followed feats of arms in [this] as well as in his other affairs and offices has carried himself valiantly and governed honourably, has thereby truly deserved and is worthy that henceforth perpetually he and afterwards his memory be in all places honourably admitted, renowned, accounted, numbered and received in the number and in the company of other former courteous and noble men and for this seeing as all these things also nobly and rightfully done, forthwith fulfill the earnest request and solemn entreaty of the said Sovereigns in this case, as right and reason will it, for the remembrance of this courtesy by virtue of the authority and po wer confirmed, ratified, and attributed to my office of Herald by the king and queen abovesaid truly advertise, announce, report, and declare that the aforenamed Sovereigns have ordained and assigned, and hereby grant to the said Dougal MacEvrart for him and him alone the blazon set down in the College of Arms in the following manner: To wit argent, a wolf rampant and in chief two roundels sable, as the picture in the margin shows it, to have and to hold for himself alone to invest for ever. Acting in due faith and fidelity on the will, power, and authority of my sovereigns and liege lords the most noble kings of Drachenwald aforementioned, I have drawn up the present letter by my own hand, and in witness whereof Sven and Siobhan the said king and queen have signed it with their hands. Given at Unikankare the vii of September in the year of the society xlviii, the iv month of our reign:

The text is composed from the 1492 grant of arms to Thomas Elyott and the 1480 to Christopher Brown.

The design is based on that of the grant to Thomas Barowe, 1477; I settled on this one on Aug. 24, then drew the layout, the lines, and the initial and shield. It's a A3 sheet with 5cm margins and .5cm lines (2+3).

Sun. Aug. 25 I began in earnest, starting with outlining the shield and the initial "T", in paint rather than with a pen as I often do. While working on it, I posted the following status to FB:

Working on the biggest scroll I've ever done: A3. That might not seem big to some, but my default calligraphy is "small" and so lends itself better to small scrolls. But this text has ~450 words, nearly twice the longest I've ever done, so I'll need all the space!

A few seconds later, the first person to "like" this status was the recipient, who, at that time, was still completely in the dark. Cue big grin!

Hesitant to do the gilding next, and still awaiting an emblazon of the arms from Robyn (since she is skilled with computer graphics and I do much better if I have something to trace), I then began the calligraphy during Gwen's nap. About 5 lines in, I realized I had way too little text, so I began changing duplicate to triplicate, triplicate to quadruplicate. Then Master Þorfinn from Lochac shared a link to an amazing Augmentation of Arms for Master Gwynford Lloyd that he'd done, and then very kindly sent me the text. His text was 800+ words, and I happily cribbed some nice turns of phrase from it, and decided to leave a larger gap at the bottom (maybe for a seal some day?) than planned. I did about 3.5 hours of calligraphy that day, until I reached the recipient's name and my hand cried "stop". Aug. 26, I completed the calligraphy in another 1.5 hours. There are only four egregious typos: three duplicated/misplaced words, and one that was omitted altogether. All other typos involved transpose letters, or spelling "renown" with a k ("reknown"), a misspelling which plagues me regularly. Not bad out of 713 words!

I drew and painted the arms on Aug. 27. For the arms, I ended up using one of the wolves in the Pennsic Traceable Art Project. Last was putting down the gold size and then the gold leaf. That took up (not counting the waiting time for the size to cure) about 1.5 hours, so all told, this scroll took about 7 hours to complete.

The gilding process was rather fraught, and there was a brief period of ACK! when this happened:

Thank goodness for Ari who walked me through how to clean it up, and then cautioned me to set it aside and finish cleaning the edges the next day. Aug. 28 I spent about 20 min. cleaning it up, and erasing pencil lines, and reached a point where I'm sure someone with more facility with gold could probably do better but I'm going to stop now because otherwise I think I'd make it worse.

I am very happy with this scroll. It's certainly in my top 5 of ones that I've done, and it's coming very close to vying for #1.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

Lindquistringes for Egil Tokrake från Tyrved

I picked out the exemplar, Codex Gottwicensis 30 (2), fol.215v, the day I received the assignment, Jul. 19. My exemplar was done in silver, gold, and red, but I don't have any silver leaf or silver paint, so I decided to substitute in blue. On Jul. 28, I did everything except for the red on the main initial and the blue and gold on the secondary initials. The text was written while I calligraphed the scroll. I'll admit, it has basically no basis in period texts. It reads:

Diploma ad Egillum de Tyrved a regibus Suenone Siohannaque [1] drachenwaldensis. (Diploma to Egil of Tyrved by the kings Sven and Siobhan, drachenaldish.)

For to recognize and reward and prefer our loyal subject Egil Tokrake från Tyrved and to thank him for his longtime, continual, and perpetual service we the kings Sven and Siobhan right noble and well beloved do hereby create the said Egil a member of our ancient and honorable Order of the Ring of Lindquist which act we do while on our royal thrones in our court at Styringheim during the second week of August and in witness of which we have signed and dated below:

[1] Grrr, arg! That was supposed to be "Iohannaque", but I wrote the "S" before I realized it. Grr.

The scroll was completed Jul. 29.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

Lindquistringes for Gabriele of Turmstadt

The illuminated letter, based on Codex S 318, was done by Lady Ælfwynn Leoflæde dohtor. I composed most of the text on Jun. 14, drawing on a number of texts in the Avalon Project (The Gelnhausen Charter; April 13, 1180 A.D.; Laws of Richard I (Coeur de Lion) Concerning Crusaders Who Were to Go by Sea. 1189 A.D.; Magna Carta 1215; Peace of the Land Established by Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 and 1157 A.D.; and The Establishment of the Duchy of Austria; September 17, 1156.). It reads:

In the name of all that is worthy and just. Sven and Siobhan, by favour of right of arms, royal kings of the Drachenwalders, to the princes, dukes, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, and to all bailiffs and liege subjects, greetings. Since human memory is short and does not suffice for a crowd of things, the authority of those who preceded us has decreed that those things were to be written down which the progress of fleeting time generally re moves from the knowledge of men. Inasmuch as we ascend the thrones of the royal majesty, it is right that in our actions we altogether celebrate those by whose gifts we are exalted. Therefore we, desiring the laws of the realm to remain in vigor, and endeavouring to exalt those persons who have served us well, do wish to preserve to all persons whatever their rights. Wherefore let the generality of the present as well as the future subjects of our kingdom know that Gabriele of Turmstadt, for the reason that she has gravely and soberly served our realm and on acco unt of the common counsel of many upright men, is hereby confirmed as a member of our ancient and honorable Orden des Lindquistringes, which we do upon the 20th anniversary of the founding of our kingdom, in the year of the Society 48. We further decree that no per son, small or great, may presume to constrain the same Gabriele in the displaying of the signs of the said order without the consent or permission of herself. By our hands witnessed:

That same evening, I sketched out the lines and did the calligraphy, only to find (after about two hours), that I still needed 2 1/3 lines of text. But my fingers were beginning to hurt, so I called it a day. Jun. 15 we went to Karlsruhe to go art-store shopping, so completing the text and calligraphing the rest of it had to wait until Jun. 16.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

Lindquistringes for Steven Llanymynech

The illuminated letter, based on Codex S 318, was done by Lady Apollonia Grü.nenzwig. The text was composed Jun. 14. It is based on the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV from 1356 and reads:

Sven the Fifth and Siobhan the Second, by the right of arms king and queen of the Drachenwalders, always august, and Emperors of Frank mark; as a perpetual memorial of this matter. Inasmuch as we, through the office by which we possess the regnal dignity, are bound to put for ward and elevate those amongst our subjects who are worthy of renown: Now in our solemn court at Burg Ludwigstein, in session with our princes and barons, and amid a numerous multitude of other dukes, counts, magnates, nobles and citizens; after mature deliberation, from the fullness of our regnal power; sitting on the thrones of our regnal majesty, adorned with the regnal bands, insignia and diadem; in the year of our Society 48, on the 20th anniversary of the founding of our kingdom: We de cree by the present regnal and ever valid edict that Steven Llanymynech is now made a member of our Orden des Lindquistringes. We decree further that all princes holding fiefs from our hands who shall re fuse to give witness of this doing, shall, by the act itself, incur such pun ishment as we see fit to inflict on each person according to his rank.

Gwen, still sick, took an epic nap, so I was able to calligraph the scroll the same day, in one sitting, in about 2.5 hours.

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© 2013, Sara L. Uckelman.

Knighthood for William of Richwood

The illumination was done by Agatha of Norwich. The text reads:

Those who have the will to achieve great worth are already on the way to great achievement. And they speak the truth, for because of their great desire to reach and attain that high honor, they do not care what sufferings they have to endure, but turn everything into great enjoyment. Indeed, it is a fine thing to perform great deeds, for those who rise to great achievement cannot rightly grow tired or sated with it; so the more they achieve, the less they feel they have achieved; this stems from the delight they take in striving constantly to reach greater heights. And great good comes from performing these deeds, for the more that one does, the less is one proud of oneself, and it always seems that there is so much left to do.

Such are the words of the most noble knight Sir Geoffroi de Charny, and these now are the words of Sven and Siobhan, King and Queen of Drachenwald: Item, that Lord William of Richwood, XVIth viscount of Nordmark and captain of the Queen's guard, hath long borne himself in the above styled fashion. Item, that he has excelled in courtesy and in valour, and in all manner of other virtues. Item, that in recognition of these things, we have made him a Knight of the Ancient and Honorable Order of the Chivalry, in our court at Double Wars in the 46th year of the Society. Item, that we witness this act below.

The text is taken from a translation of The Book of Chivalry by Geoffroi de Charny, mid 14th C, found at http://smuhlberger.blogspot.com/2006/05/geoffroi-de-charny-speaks_10.htm.

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© 2012, Sara L. Uckelman.

Panache for Lena the Red

The illumination was done by Agatha of Norwich. The calligraphy took two days, and the text reads:

Greetings from Sven and Siobhan, king and queen of Drachenwald, to all whom these present letters meet but most especially unto Lady Lena the Red. Know, good lady, that we, having heard many and numerous testimonies and witnesses from worthy, reliable, and credible nobles, are well acquainted with and advertised of the artifice and skill with which you have long served our kingdom freely truly and honorably. For the reward of such attainment and accomplishment it was created in times past the ancient and honourable Order of Panache to be populated with artisans and crafters, and it is our right, privilege, and perogative to create you a member of the aforesaid company, to be styled in all places as a companion of the order and at all times to display the badge of the said order. This we do on eve of All Fool's Day while in Depedene under Wychwood and so that none can contest our will we have signed with our hands below.

I just realized this means I did the panache scrolls for both Richard and Lena!.

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© 2012, Sara L. Uckelman.

PCS for Asbiorn inn evyerski

This was done on a blank by Saraswati. The text was provided by His Majesty and reads:

All loyal true noble good gentles hear now the will of king Sven and queen Siobhan of Drachenwald that upon this day we induct Lord Asbiorn inn eyverski into the most noble Popular Company of Sojourners. May his travels in other lands bring him much joy and we hope to be able to one day greet him here again. Witnessed xciii feb xlvi at Harplestane.

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© 2012, Sara L. Uckelman.

Lindquistringes for Asbiorn inn eyverski

The text was composed by Viscount Robert of Canterbury, and reads:

Sven & Siobhan the Kyng & Quene of Drakenweald unto oure royal couzyns throwout the knowen worlde and to alle vassals and subgitz thereof, Greeting. Whereas it hath ben knowen time out of mynd that vertuous seruise is deseruing of just rewerd, and havyng heyrd and knowleched the very meny peticiouns and entreaties of Oure Peers of the Reaume, and of oure Heraudes in ordinary and extraordinary, and of oure Orden des Lindqvistringes and the Order of Ffraid, as well as many other of oure court as touching oure loyal trusty and welbeloued Lord Asbiorn inn eyverski of his most excellent and capable seruise as Rockall Herald as well as his discrete and capable labours as marshall of defense & eke his diligauns to do the common good as a careful steweryd of events of state withyn our Fief of Insulae Draconis therefore myndful of the faithful necessary and acceptable seruise that hath ben done unto us by the forsaid Asbiorn do we straightway honourably admit and enroll him among the numbre and companie of the Orden des Lindqvistringes by these lettres ordained and assigned of Alle rights dutys and avauntages thereof. This we trust is fully in the kyngdomes common good, that through grace and mercie we haue in our kepyng. Giuen by oure honde upon the Craig of Mallens Brae on the xviii day in the second month of oure regne.

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© 2012, Sara L. Uckelman.